INTRODUCTION
The current handball coaching pattern in Indonesia is still lagging behind other countries, the lack of competition is a delay in the development of handball. In addition, it is important to conduct measurement tests both physically and technically accurate in coaching players so that they can achieve the desired target. Besides physical exercises, coaches always need to develop technical exercises. Because only players who have good technical skills are able to practice and play optimally, because only players who practice and play optimally allow optimal achievement (Wiranti, 2012) . Coaches who have not really mastered the components of technical skills by handball players in order to play optimally. Evaluation of each of these aspects must help find out various aspects.
According to Susanto(2017) basically the handball game consists of several basic techniques such as warming-up, attacking, defencing, and fast break exercise but in the game only three basic techniques are most often used, including; (1) dribbling technique, which is the player's effort to bring the ball close to the opponent's defense area by bouncing the ball on the floor, (2) passing technique, which is an effort to give the ball to a friend using one or two hands, (3) shooting technique or shooting the ball into the goal, (4) catching technique, which is an effort to catch the ball using one or two hands, (5) feinting technique, which is an effort to avoid or pass opposing players.
The needs analysis in the sport of handball consists of actions that help overcome problems in the sport of handball. Development of Basic Technical Skills Test Instruments Playing Handball is carried out to overcome problems, and help increase training capacity.
METHOD
This research will develop the types of general technical skill tests into a series of special technical skill tests in handball games, for handball players that match the characteristics in actual handball training and matches.
The type of research used in this study is development research and not descriptive research. Because the purpose of descriptive research is only to make a description, a systematic, factual and accurate description of the facts, properties and relationships between the phenomena being investigated. While development research is a process of steps to develop a new product or improve existing products, which can be accounted for (Richey & Klein, 2005) .
So in this study will develop the types of general technical skill tests into a series of special technical skill tests in handball games, for handball players that match the characteristics in actual handball training and matches.
Type of Research
The first step in this study is to analyze the technical and technical components of handball games. These components include passing, dribbling, and shooting. The technical components include passing, catching, gripping, and shooting. The second step is to develop a handball game using the rules and techniques given in the first step. The third step involves adapting, memorizing, and adjusting the rules to suit the needs of handball players. The fourth step is to analyze the data collected from the first step, using purposive sampling and Pearson correlation analysis. The data collected is then analyzed to determine the best handball game that matches the technique components. The results are then compared with the best handball game to determine the best handball game.
RESULTS
From the discussions with experts conducted by researchers, the following results were obtained:
- 1. The basic technical skill components needed in Handball players are,
- a. Passing and catching test
- b. Shooting test
- 2. The types of tests used to measure the basic technical skill components of playing Handball, are
Table 1. Components of Basic Technical Skills for Playing Handball
| No | Basic | Basic Technique | Test Type Composed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Techniques | Components | Technique | |
| 1 | Passing dan | Free hand passing | Wall Passing |
| Catching | Two-handed catching | Modification Distance 2 | |
| and 3 meters |
| 2 | Shooting | Standing throw shoot Jump shoot Flying shoot Side shoot Dive shoot | Modified Shooting Distance 7 and 9 meters from 3 - 5 in front of the goal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reverse shoot |
Table 2. Passing and Catching Test Data
| 2 Meter | 3 Meter | 6 Meter | Nilai | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | |||||
| N | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
| Normal | Mean | 50.0333 | 50.0667 | 50.1333 | 149.9000 |
| Parametersa,b | Std. | 10.12162 | 10.03763 | 10.10201 | 21.99114 |
| Deviation | |||||
| Most | Absolute | .156 | .148 | .125 | .107 |
| Extreme | Positive | .146 | .148 | .125 | .107 |
| Differences | Negative | 156 | 107 | 080 | 094 |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z | .852 | .812 | .687 | .586 | |
| Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) | .462 | .525 | .733 | .882 | |
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the Kolmogorov Smirnov (K- S) value, for a distance of 2 meters is 0.852 with a probability value of 0.462 (Asymp. Sig. (2- tailed), the K-S value for a distance of 3 meters is 0.812 with a probability value of 0.525 (Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed), and the K-S value for a distance of 6 meters is 0.687 with a probability value of 0.733 (Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed).
Table 3. Calculation results of shooting test types
| Standing Shoot 1 | Standing Shoot 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Standing | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .911** |
| Shoot 1 | Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | |
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Standing | Pearson Correlation | .911** | 1 |
| Shoot 2 | Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | |
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Flying | Side Shoot | ||
| Shoot 1 | 2 | ||
| Flying Shoot 1 | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .921** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Flying Shoot 2 | Pearson Correlation | .921** | 1 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Side | Side Shoot | ||
| Shoot 1 | 2 | ||
| Side Shoot 1 | Pearson Correlation | 1 | .905** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Side Shoot 2 | Pearson Correlation | .905** | 1 |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||
| N | 42 | 42 | |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||
| N | 42 | 42 |
Based on the table above, it can be seen that the correlation value of the three types of technical skills tests playing bolatangan has a significant correlation, so the three types of technical skills tests playing bolatangan with Standing Shoot (STS) 1 and 2 (value r = 911), Fly Shoot (FLS) 1 and 2 (value r = 921), and Side Shoot (SDS) 1 and 2 (value r = 905) have a significant validity value, so they can be used to measure shooting skills playing bolatangan. However, of the three types of bolatangan playing skills tests that have the highest validity value (r) is the first type of skill test is Fly Shoot (FLS) with a value of (r = 921), second Standing Shoot (STS) with a value of (r = 911), third Side Shoot (SDS) with a value of (r = 905),. Thus the three tests can represent the skill test shooting techniques playing ballatangan.
DISCUSSION
After getting the types of basic technical skills tests for playing handball, the next step is to make Test Norms. With consideration of practicality, the types of tests selected henceforth are named as follows. 1) passing and catching test, 2) Fly Shoot test, 3) Standing Shoot test, 4) Side Shoot test.
Table 4. Selected types of technical skill tests
| No | Komponen Teknik Dasar | Jenis Tes | V | R |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Passing and Catching | Catch | 0.933 | 0.986 |
| Jarak 2 meter | Throw Test | |||
| 2 | Fly Shoot | Goal Shot | 1.002 | 0.921 |
| 3 | Standing Shoot | Test | 0.879 | 0.911 |
Development of a Test Instrument for Basic Technical Skills of Playing Handball
| 4 | Side Shoot | 0.814 | 0.905 |
|---|
This study focuses on the statistical analysis of the level of technical skills in playing handball, using a five-point scale to measure the effectiveness of these skills, which are categorized as: Good, Bad, Medium/Sufficient, Deficient, and Very Deficient.
Table 5. 2-meter Passing and Catching Test Norms
| Rentan Skor | Kategori |
|---|---|
| 66 - > | Baik Sekali |
| 56 – 65 | Baik |
| 26 – 55 | Sedang/Cukup |
| 16 – 25 | Kurang |
| < - 15 | Kurang Sekali |
Table 6. 7-meter Passing and Catching Test Norms
| SHOOTING 7 METER | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point Kriteria | |||||
| 0 | Kurang Sekali | ||||
| 1 | Kurang | ||||
| 2 | Sedang | ||||
| 3 | Baik | ||||
| 4 | Baik Sekali | ||||
| Waktu | Kriteria | ||||
| 0.58 | - | ≥ | Kurang Sekali | ||
| 0.52 | - | 0.57 | Kurang | ||
| 0.36 | - | 0.51 | Sedang | ||
| 0.30 | - | 0.35 | Baik | ||
| ≤ | - | 0.29 | Baik Sekali | ||
Table 7. 9-meter Passing and Catching Test Norms
| SHOOTING 9 METER | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point | Kriteria | |||
| 0 | Kurang Sekali | |||
| 1 | Kurang | |||
| 2 | Sedang | |||
| 3 | Baik | |||
| 4 | Baik Sekali | |||
| Waktu | Kriteria | |||
| 0.61 - ≥ | Kurang Sekali | |||
| 0.56 | - | 0.6 | Kurang |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.42 | - | 0.55 | Sedang |
| 0.37 | - | 0.41 | Baik |
| ≤ | - | 0.36 | Baik Sekali |
CONCLUSSION
Based on the data that has been analyzed and as described in Chapter IV, in general, this research can be concluded as follows:
- 1. The series of passing and catching technique tests using the wall media were carried out for 30 seconds.
- 2. The shooting technique test series of ballatangan games consists of 3 types of tests that cannot be separated from one another and are a single unit.
- 3. The types of shooting technique skill tests that were selected became a series of technical tests in the ball game:
- a) Fly Shoot tests were conducted at 7 and 9 meters in the center.
- b) Standing Shoot tests are carried out at a distance of 7 and 9 meters right in the middle position straight with the goalkeeper.
- c) Side Shoot tests are carried out with a distance of 7 and 9 meters with a position in the middle straight with the goalkeeper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- 1. We would like to thank Dr. Achmad Widodo, M.Kes and Dr. Heri Wahyudi S.Or, M.Pd, as supervisors, for their guidance, input, and support in this research.
- 2. We would like to thank all respondents who have taken the time to participate in this study, so that the necessary data can be collected properly.
- 3. We appreciate the valuable input from editors and reviewers who helped improve the quality of this manuscript to make it suitable for publication.
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