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Study on Motorcycle Crash Cost in Bandung City

Published: | DOI: 10.5614/jts.2021.28.1.2 | Vol 28, Issue 1 (2021)

Authors

Abstract

Crash cost is an important component for conducting economic analysis in selecting countermeasures for crash locations. It is used to convert the benefit of crash or fatality reduction into monetary terms. Many research on crash cost have been carried out in Indonesia. Most of the research utilized gross output/human capital approach. However, this approach has been widely criticized for not being able to describe the quality of life of crash casualties and the costs of pain, grief and suffering (i.e. human cost). The concept of Value of Statistical Life (VoSL) has been introduced by InDeV (2016) to calculate the human cost, which is assessed by using willingness to pay approach. To obtain a more reliable estimation of crash cost for Indonesia, it is necessary to conduct a study on crash cost involving motorcycles which incorporates the estimation of human cost. The VoSL is obtained by interviewing motorcycle users for willingness to pay with safety equipment. Based on the analysis, it is obtained that the value of statistical life (VoSL) for fatality in a road crash was estimated to be Rp.2.3 billion. The unit cost of fatal injury is Rp.3.08 billion, serious injury is Rp.333 million and slight injury is Rp.24.9 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on arterial roads is Rp.3.23 billion, serious crash is Rp.451 million and the slight crash is Rp.114 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on collector roads is Rp.3.16 billion, serious crashes is Rp.381 million and minor crash is Rp.69.4 million. The unit cost of fatal crash on local roads is Rp.3.09 billion, serious crash is Rp.338 million, and minor crash is Rp.29.8 million. Keywords: Motorcycle crash cost, gross output approach, human capital approach, willingness to pay approach

Keywords

Crash; Cost estimate; Economic cost; Unit cost; Transport engineering; Unit (ring theory); Cost–benefit analysis; Interview; Poison control; Capital cost; Total cost; Engineering; Business; Forensic engineering; Operations management; Computer science; Medicine; Environmental health; Mathematics; Economics

3. Data

3.1 Casualty data

The research study is in Bandung City, West Java Province, Indonesia. Data Traffic Accidents in Bandung City during 2016-2018 were obtained from Bandung Police and Medical costs were obtained from the Hasan Sadikin Hospital. The analysis of crash casualty data shows that the average age of fatal casualty is 38 years, serious injury casualty is 26 years, and slight injury casualty is 29 years. The typical casualty composition in a fatal crash is 1 person died, a serious injury crash is 1 seriously injured person, and a slight injury crash is 1 slightly injured person.

The amount of VoSL costs and loss of consumption based on interviews with 100 motorcycle users using the willingness to pay survey. The duration of time a seriously injured casualty cannot work based on an interview with 15 respondents seriously injured is 66 days and the wait for a new job is 22 days. Meanwhile, the duration of time a slightly injured casualty cannot work is 2 days based on medical data duration treatment for slightly injured 1 day and 1 day of rest at home

3.2 Crash cost data

3.2.1 Costs per casualty data

Medical costs were obtained from medical record data for fatal, serious injury and minor injury casualties. The average costs are Rp.4,928,000 for fatal casualty, Rp.12,609,800 for serious injury casualty, and Rp.1,229,059 for slight injury casualty.

Production lost cost for fatal casualty was estimated based on Bandung people's average income of Rp.52,295,354 per year with a yearly increase of 8.48% and inflation of 3.51% per year. Thus, the production lost cost for fatal casualty is obtained to be Rp.2,060,750,490. Production lost cost for serious injured casualty is Rp.18,776,667 and for slight injury casualty is Rp.421,007.

The willingness to pay survey was conducted by interviewing 100 respondents. The result is that as many as 40% of respondents chose Option A, 56% of respondents chose Option B, and 4% of respondents chose Option C. The average willingness to pay for option A is Rp.98,250, option B is Rp.59,107 and option C is Rp.35,000. The number of motorcycle users is 1,328,783 people. The number of annual fatalities in 2018 is 123 person.

The VoSL are then calculated by using Eq.1, and it is obtained that VoSL for Option A is Rp.2,611,000,000, for Option B is Rp.2,122,000,000 and for Option C is Rp.1,860,000,000. The weighted VoSL for Option A is Rp.1,044,000,000, for Option B is 1,188,000,000 and for Option C is Rp.74,410,000. So that the resulting VoSL for fatal casualty is Rp.2,307,000,000 per person.

The human cost for fatal casualty is then calculated by subtracting VoSL with loss of future consumption. The loss of consumption for the remaining 22 productive years is estimated to be Rp.1,288,323,230. Loss of consumption is obtained from average consumption in 2019 which is projected to 2018 by considering the inflation rate. Therefore, the human cost for fatal casualty is Rp.1,019,234,145. The human cost for serious injury casualty is Rp.299,982,459 (13% of VoSL fatal casualty) and that for slight injury casualty is Rp.23,075,574 (1% of VoSL fatal casualty).

Costs for family member attending a crash casualty at hospital are estimated as Rp.895,402 for fatal casualty, Rp.1,790,804 for serious injury casualty, and Rp.179,080 for slight injury casualty. The funeral cost is Rp.427,500.

3.2.2 Costs per crash data

The property damage costs due to a crash were obtained from police reports for each crash severities. The property damage cost for fatal crashes is Rp.1,834,749, for serious injury crashes is Rp.1,020,000, and for slight injury crashes is Rp.1,649,857.

There are no administrative costs of police as it is borne by the government. The congestion costs are differentiated by the type of roads: arterial, local, and collector roads. In this research, a case study of arterial roads on Jalan Ahmad Yani, collector roads on Jalan Buah Batu and local roads on Jalan Manisi Cibiru were taken. For arterial roads, the congestion costs are found Rp.146,137,167 fatal be for Rp.116,909,733 for serious injury crashes, and Rp.87,682,300 for slight injury crashes. For collector roads, the congestion costs are Rp.76,337,079 for fatal crashes, Rp.47,710,674 for serious injury crashes, and Rp. 42,939,607 for slight injury crashes. For local roads, the congestion costs are Rp.4,729,242 for fatal crashes, Rp.4,256,318 for serious injury crashes, and Rp.3,310,469 for slight injury crashes.

4. Crash Cost Calculation

4.1 Unit cost of casualty

Table 1 presents summary of crash casualty cost components based on crash severity. The table also shows the calculated unit cost of fatal, serious injury, and slight injury casualties are Rp.3,086,235,536, Rp.333,159,730, and Rp.24,904,719, respectively.

4.2 Unit cost of crash

Unit cost of crash is calculated based on crash severity for crashes occur in arterial, collector, and local roads, as presented in Table 2.

5. Analysis

Figures 1, 2, and 3 describes the proportion of crash cost component in arterial road, collector road, and local road for fatal crashes, serious injury crashes, and slight injury crashes, respectively.

Table 1. Unit cost of casualty

Cost per
Casualty
Component		Crash Severity
FatalSerious InjurySlight Injury
Medical Cost4,928,00012,609,8001,229,059
Production Loss2,060,750,49018,776,667421,007
Human Cost1,019,234,145299,982,45923,075,574
Attending
Casualty at
Hospital		895,4021,790,804179,080
Funeral Cost427,500--
Unit Cost of
Casualty		3,086,235,536333,159,73024,904,719

Table 2. Unit cost of crash in arterial road

Crash Cost
Component		Fatal CrashSerious Injury
Crash		Slight Injury
Crash
Cost of Casualty3,086,235,536333,159,73024,904,719
Congestion Cost in
Arterial Road		146,137,167116,909,73387,682,300
Congestion Cost in Collector Road76,337,07947,710,67442,939,607
Congestion Cost in
Local Road		4,729,2424,256,3183,310,469
Unit Cost of Crash in Arterial Road3,234,207,452451,089,463114,236,876
Unit Cost of Crash in Collector Road3,164,407,365381,890,40469,494,183
Unit Cost of Crash in Local Road3,092,799,527338,436,04729,865,045
17

Figure 1. Fatal crash cost component proportion in arterial road

19

Figure 2. Serious Injury Crash Cost Component Proportion in Arterial Road

It can be seen from those figures that the biggest proportion of fatal crash cost occurring on arterial roads is the lost productivity cost (63.72%) because fatal casualties will lose income until the retirement age of 60 years. Meanwhile, the human cost contributes to 66.5% of serious injury crash costs on the arterial roads because serious casualties may lose their jobs due to disabilities and have to find new jobs.

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Topics

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Civil and Structural Engineering › Engineering › Physical Sciences

Related Research

Semantic Profile AI-classified research signals

Core Domains
Crash 0.93
level 2
Cost estimate 0.52
level 2
Economic cost 0.51
level 2
Secondary Topics
Unit cost 0.51 Transport engineering 0.47 Unit (ring theory) 0.46 Cost–benefit analysis 0.45 Interview 0.45 Poison control 0.43 Capital cost 0.42 Total cost 0.41 Engineering 0.41 Business 0.37 Forensic engineering 0.36 Operations management 0.33 Computer science 0.24 Medicine 0.23

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References

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